.
Rolland O'Regan's Life-Long Campaign
for the Taxation of Land Values in New Zealand |
| [Excerpted from
material published by The Resource Rentals for Revenue Association,
Auckland, New Zealand, May 2005] |
In 1943 Rolland O'Regan succeeded his father as Chairman of the then NZ
League for the Taxation of Land Values Inc. This was changed to the NZ
Land Value Rating Assn Inc, later included the NZ Crown Leasehold Assn
and later again took the current title.
Right after the war, to rectify the ageing membership of his father's
time he arranged for Betty Noble to run the Henry George School in
Wellington, and held public meetings to examine topical issues. The
post-war boom, public apathy and the apparent security of the welfare
state denied these ventures the success they deserved despite the
hundreds of students who passed through the School. His endeavours then
evolved in five main ways.
- Picking up where his father left off he secured Land Value Rating
wherever possible -- whether City, Borough, County or County Town.
To this end, at least every three years to coincide with the local
elections, local business people would be mailed to, explaining the
merits of Land Value Rating and telling them how to get it in their
area by poll.
Meantime a series of Rating Bulletins were prepared discussing
topical Rating issues -- Differentials, Special Valuations, Ratio of
improvements to land value, statistical data, etc. These were
distributed to the Mayor and Councillors of every Local Authority in
NZ, preserving Land Value Rating wherever it obtained and inviting
change where it didn't.
In addition, as opportunity offered periodically, he prepared
submissions to Govt. on Local Body Finance and Rating issues. Their
clear, professional presentation commanded the attention of any
impartial arbiter, and the enthusiasm of supporters. One such
submission was reproduced in Missouri, USA and returned to NZ to be
used in support of subsequent Ministerial representations.
The result of these endeavours was that by 1985 90% of all
municipalities had by poll adopted Land Value Rating which accounted
for 80% of Local Govt. revenue. His quiet expectation was that given
a devolution of function from Central to Local Govt. more and more
land values would be absorbed with less and less taken from income
taxes accordingly. At that time he calculated that without the land
value charges then in place land prices would be half as dear again.
A significant level of Public Body Leases, (Crown and Council),
contributed to the overall revenue from land values.
- The Land Tax introduced by Sir George Grey in 1878, as Premier
then, after two earlier terms as Governor, by 1922 accounted for 10%
of the Budget, but had steadily atrophied to about 0.4% in 1987.
Rolland steadfastly, eloquently and effectively opposed any assault
on this charge and finally urged it be allocated to Regional Local
Govt. for major works or disaster relief. A vested interest such as
that would have entrenched it irrevocably, in the right place.
Instead the Labour Govt. of 1989 abolished it in mindless, futile,
political expediency, at a time of Holland's incapacitation.
- In 1966 with a view to consolidating and furthering the real-life
gains above, he narrowly failed to gain the Wellington Central
Parliamentary seat. He later topped the poll in Wellington City
Council elections and was for nine years Chairman of the Town
Planning Committee and the Wellington Harbour Board. His thinking
here was to be able to more effectively relate Land Value Taxation
theory and practice to real-life situations; to be able to defend
and promote the cause with first-hand evidence and understanding.
In 1973 while still on Council and Harbour Board, he wrote "Rating
in NZ". This recorded NZ's experience of over 100 years of Land
Value Taxation in one form or another, even before George. For the
benefit of Georgists around the world who ardently, in vacuo,
advocated Land Value Taxation he set out the practical difficulties
and political hazards. To Rolland's dismay it caused hardly a ripple
in Georgist circles. With Local Govt. members, officials and related
professionals in NZ the first edition was a sell-out. It also served
as a blue print for any Minister of Local Govt. who might have the
will, if not the wit, to rationalise the interaction of Local Govt.
Rating and Central Govt. Valuation, and should be read by all who
are concerned with this subject. The second edition, revised in his
blindness with the aid of friends, was not so successful, but even
now should be injected into the community as funds allow.
- In 1968 he realised that Land Value Taxation in any form was
vulnerable to the whim of every tax collector at every level every
year.
In 1896 after being blocked in the Upper House for three years (and
at the time when Holland's father was in the Parliament, and
incidentally corresponding with Henry George) the Rating on the
Unimproved Value Act was finally passed allowing a petition to
demand a poll on the issue, at the Local Govt. level. Despite the
rapid success thereafter at the hands of Ratepayers, there remained
a crafty opposition that constantly tinkered with it, confusing even
the most assiduous student.
On this basis Rolland reconsidered his inherited ascription to Land
Value Taxation and submitted a paper to the 12th International Union
Conference at Caswell Bay, Wales, September 1968. In this he
proposed "State Leaseholds as the basis for Land Reform".
That was 35 years ago. In support he noted the established
precedents in Australia and NZ. and the advocacy of a leading jurist
in Australia -- Justice Rae Else-Mitchell.
In advancing his case he was mindful of the political hazards of
Land Value Taxation and the practical problem of the
ever-diminishing tax base as the tax increased. He was also aware of
those other natural resources like minerals, water-rights, airwaves,
some forestry, fishing, electricity generation and distribution,
etc, for which Land Value Taxation was unsuitable.
Accordingly he sought to institutionalise the principle of Resource
Rentals by whatever means was most appropriate. One member at the
conference, (E.W. Walthall) regarded the proposal as the most sense
he had ever heard at a conference and proposed to fund Rolland for
full-time work on it. On the strength of that initial gesture
Rolland published his books.
In 1980 he published "Te Ara Tika" (The Right
Track/Road/Way for NZ) elaborating his views on leasehold tenure as
the basis for a stronger economy to be derived from greater
integration with Australia, essential to support an adequate common
defence policy. Two years later the CER (Closer Economic Relations)
Agreement with Australia was signed by the National Govt, but
without the revenue base he proposed.
- In 1985/6 he crystalised his representations on Local Govt.
Finance and addressed them to the Labour Party Policy Council and
Caucus Committee on Local Govt. With his credentials within the
Party and in Local Govt., plus the Labour Party's formal adoption of
Land Value Rating in 1948 (of which he reminded them) he reasonably
expected some progress from the new Labour Govt. For those who see
the ultimate objective as the collection of the full economic land
rent at the local level this would have just about sewn it up. A
quiet, bloodless revolution democratically achieved. Having had no
response after a year he widened his approach, with scant response
once again - ominously in hindsight!
In 1987/8 the new Labour Minister for Local Govt. began the
restructuring of Local Govt. First by removing the traditional right
to a poll on Rating (whilst at the same time propounding the merits
of "local decisions locally made"), and then promoting a
reversion to Capital Value Rating wherever he could, finally
proposing that wherever Capital Value Rating had been or was ever
adopted, (by Council resolution now) it would be irreversible. That
was dropped. Meanwhile the grapevine had early delivered its
message. So that Dunedin, Christchurch and finally Wellington
reverted to Capital Value by means various, definitely devious and
contrary to popular reaction. Rolland was quietly mortified. Ninety
years of progress, every step democratically achieved, now
vandalised and undone by erstwhile colleagues prepared to do m
stealth what not even the known enemy had dared to do.
The change to Capital Value in his beloved Wellington especially,
devastated him. His shining example to Auckland and the world, of
urban renewal; of a city united, cleanly and honestly run without
faction, division or strife; rescued from partial to complete Land
Value in 1927 by his own father reversing the Council's endeavours;
now sold out, clumsily, illegally, arbitrarily, contrary to popular
input and with a Knighthood for the perpetrator!
Subsequent Council attempts elsewhere to revert to Capital Value
have generally failed due to vigorous popular opposition, galvanised
by this Association. So that due to Rolland's continued efforts Land
Value Rating has become entrenched as the norm but is steadily being
eroded, without the right to a poll now.
Moreover, in any straight contest between Capital (Improved) Value
and Land Value Rating, Land Value almost invariably wins because
improvements are exempted (the homeowner's particularly) and because
the majority of Ratepayers (homeowners again) gain a reduction in
Rates at the expense of the numerically fewer on relatively
under-developed commercial properties. But with the introduction of
User Pays, Direct and Uniform Charges (arguably valid in the Local
Govt. context) the basis for the General Rate has become almost a
non-issue. Without a poll and the statutory information that came
with that, ignorance and apathy lose out to vested interest, or to "sock
the rich" ideologues.
In Auckland particularly, now, higher population from immigration,
northern drift and tourism sees land prices rocketing and the roads and
sewers clogged. So the search comes on belatedly for the means to pay
for the solutions -- petrol, people, tolls, users, anything but the
related land values that have almost become a sacrosanct industry,
openly promoted for the tax advantages now and later.
Australia has retained an exemplary degree of Land Value Rating -
mandatory throughout Queensland, (the speculator's hometown), and
predominant across the nation.
But in neither country could it be said that George's
expectations had been fulfilled, Le. that even a modest example would
see a clamour for more.
Rolland's advocacy for institutionalising George's reform is confirmed
in our Public Bodies Leases Act, the Melanesian Mission Leases on
Auckland's waterfront, and such as the Masterton and Greytown Trust
Lands Trusts demonstrating local benefits from local proprietorship -
with rare complaint. Extending the example to land tenure generally, and
now to infrastructural natural monopolies has become a constitutional
issue and must be clarified on that basis.
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